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Vitalik Buterin envisions the future of Ethereum: the path of integration between POS, Layer 2, and AI.
Vitalik Buterin Interview in Chinese: In-depth Discussion on Ethereum's POS, Layer 2, and Future Development
On April 7, 2025, Vitalik Buterin attended an event in Hong Kong. During a break in the event, Yan, the founder of the DappLearning community, interviewed Vitalik, discussing various topics including ETH POS, Layer2, cryptography, and AI. The following are the main points of the interview:
01 View on POS Upgrade
Yan asked about the views on the Ethereum POS upgrade. Vitalik stated:
"The prices of BTC and ETH are completely unrelated to POW and POS. The actions and ways of thinking of the two communities are entirely different. For ETH, one issue is that there might be many successful applications on Ethereum, but the value these applications bring to ETH may not be sufficient. We need to support more applications that benefit ETH holders and the long-term value of ETH. The future success of ETH may emerge in these areas and is largely unrelated to improvements in consensus algorithms."
02 PBS Architecture and Centralization Concerns
Regarding the PBS architecture of ETH2.0, Vitalik believes:
"This is an important philosophical question. In the past, we assumed that building blocks and validating blocks were symmetrical. Now, with new technologies like ZK and DAS, it can become asymmetrical. The difficulty of building blocks may increase, but the difficulty of validation will decrease.
We need to think about how to prevent supernodes from behaving maliciously. In terms of 51% attacks, since the verification process is completed by the Attester and the verification cost is very low, the threshold for becoming a consensus node remains relatively low. Regarding censorship, we have the Fossil concept, which separates the selection of transactions from the execution of transactions, allowing small nodes to also have the ability to select transactions.
This method is more complex than before, but it can ensure the security and decentralization of the network.
03 The Relationship Between Layer1 and Layer2 and Future Directions
Vitalik stated that there are several issues with L2 currently:
The progress in security is not fast enough, and I hope we can upgrade to Stage 2 this year.
Interoperability issues between L2s. Work is underway on initiatives such as the Open Intents Framework.
For the role of L1, if there is no role at all, it is dangerous for ETH. More roles need to be assigned to L1 in some applications.
Some high-value applications such as DeFi are more suitable on L1.
Vitalik mentioned that several methods will be used in the future to enhance L1 scalability:
"If we combine these four proposals, we believe it may be possible to increase the L1 Gas limit by 10 times."
Regarding the upgrade progress, Vitalik stated: "We hope to conduct the Pectra upgrade around the end of this month, and then the Fusaka upgrade in Q3 or Q4."
04 Views on Cryptography and AI
Vitalik believes that ZK developers should focus on high-level languages and do not need to understand the underlying details. Regarding applied cryptography, he stated that FHE has great prospects, but MPC and FHE require the selection of committee nodes, which poses security risks.
Regarding AI, Vitalik believes:
"AI can enhance everyone's capabilities, and sometimes it can also strengthen centralized power. However, AI also has a democratizing effect, which can narrow the gap between experts and novices. We need to think about the impact of the combination of technologies such as blockchain, AI, and cryptography on society."
05 Expectations for the Ethereum Ecosystem and Suggestions for Developers
Vitalik told developers:
"There are many new opportunities for developing Ethereum applications now. The TPS issue has been resolved, privacy issues can be addressed, and AI has reduced the difficulty of development. We hope to see applications that not only provide real value that existing users love to use but also have sustainable business models. Now everyone has more resources, and if you have good ideas and execute them well, the chances of success are very high."